because (of), as and since; so and therefore; to and in order to
CONTEXT LISTENING
Nancy is talking to Steve about a TV programme she watched last night. Before you listen, look at the pictures and try to put them in the correct order to tell the story of the programme.
Listen and check if you were right.
What happened to Orville?
Listen again and complete the sentences below
Claudia went to an evening class to learn Greek.
He put on a false beard ______ he didn’t want her to recognise him.
Damian was there ______ he was waiting for his brother.
Claudia knew Damian ______ her job.
Orville was making a terrible noise ______ the college receptionist called the police.
No-one helped him ______ he was taken to the police station.
Look again at the exercise above. Do all the sentences below mean the same as the ones above? Tick the ones that mean the same.
Claudia wanted to learn Greek so she went to an evening class. ✓
Orville put on a false beard because he didn’t want Claudia to recognise him.
Damian was waiting in the entrance hall to meet his brother.
Claudia knew Damian because she’d met him when she was working.
Orville was making a terrible noise because the college receptionist called the police.
Orville was taken to the police station because no-one helped him.
Log into Learnclick to do the exercise and check your answers.
GRAMMAR
Linking words connect different ideas.
Because (of), as and since
We say Because (of), as and since when we give a reason for something.
Because is more common than as and since.
We use because of when the reason is a noun, not a sentence:
Claudia knew Damian because of her job.
She didn’t recognise him because of the beard. (not because of he was wearing a beard.)
When we answer a question beginning Why ..., we use Because (not as or since).
Why was he there? Because he was waiting for his brother. (not As/since he was waiting for his brother.)
So and therefore
So and such make the words that follow stronger:
so + adjective or adverb
You’re so lazy. (adjective)
You’re so lucky. (adjective)
You lose weight so easily. (adverb)
We say so and therefore when we give the result of something.
So is usually in the middle of a sentence.
Therefore is at the beginning of a new sentence and is mainly used in writing.
Compare the meaning of these sentences:
He didn’t believe her so he followed her. = He followed her as/since/because he didn’t believe her.
The teachers were on strike. Therefore the school was closed. = The school was closed as/since/because the teachers were on strike.
To and in order to
We say to or in order to when we explain why we do something (our purpose).
(In order) to is always followed by the infinitive.
(In order) to can answer a question beginning with Why … ?
Why did he follow her? To see where she went.
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